{"id":306,"date":"2017-07-31T21:14:13","date_gmt":"2017-07-31T19:14:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev.agostinjani.org\/malti\/riflessjonijiet-u-artikli\/lucjan-borg-2\/ir-raguni-u-l-fidi\/"},"modified":"2024-09-13T15:53:56","modified_gmt":"2024-09-13T13:53:56","slug":"ir-raguni-u-l-fidi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agostinjani.org\/mt\/riflessjonijiet-u-artikli\/lucjan-borg-mt\/ir-raguni-u-l-fidi\/","title":{"rendered":"Ir-ra\u0121uni u l-fidi fil-bini tal-personalit\u00e0 umana"},"content":{"rendered":"

MILL-KITBA TA\u2019 SANTU WISTIN<\/strong><\/p>\n

IR-RA\u0120UNI\u00a0 U L-FIDI FIL-BINI TAL-PERSONALIT\u00c0\u00a0 UMANA. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Riflessjonijiet imnebb\u0127a mill-opra Il-Vera Reli\u0121jon<\/em> ta\u2019 Santu Wistin. \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

L-ewwel parti<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Meta wie\u0127ed i\u0127ares ftit lejn il-progress xjentifiku u fuq kollox lejn dak kollu li \u0121iebet mag\u0127ha t-teknolo\u0121ija avanzata moderna wie\u0127ed ma jistax ma jifra\u0127x u j\u0127ossu kburi\u00a0 bil-qawwa kreativa tal-bniedem. It-teknolo\u0121ija hija strument qawwi ta\u2019 \u017cvilupp u ta\u2019 titjib tal-bniedem\u00a0 u ta\u2019 \u0127ajtu. Dan huwa fatt li \u0127add ma jista\u2019 ji\u010b\u0127du. Imma rridu noqog\u0127du attenti u nirre\u017cistu g\u0127at-tentazzjoni, \u0127afna drabi inkonxja, li nikkonsideraw lilna nfusna biss b\u0127ala materja u t-teknolo\u0121ija\u00a0 b\u0127ala sempli\u010bi mezz li jag\u0127mlilna l-\u0127ajja komda u awtosuffi\u010bjenti. Din it-tentazzjoni hija reali, spe\u010bjalment meta wie\u0127ed jikkonsidra f\u2019liema mentalit\u00e0 kulturali u filosofika qeg\u0127din ng\u0127ixu. \u00a0<\/p>\n

G\u0127addew aktar minn \u0127amsa u g\u0127oxrin seklu minn meta l-bniedem o\u010b\u010bidentali li minnu a\u0127na nag\u0127mlu parti sar konxju li g\u0127andu ru\u0127 li hija spirtu, ji\u0121ifieri realt\u00e0 spiritwali,\u00a0 u li fiha hemm ir-ra\u0121uni, fakult\u00e0 li permess tag\u0127ha l-intelli\u0121enza umana tista\u2019 tirrifletti, tag\u0127raf, tifhem, ti\u0121\u0121udika dak li g\u0127andha quddiemha u to\u0127loq skala ta\u2019 valuri. Barra minn hekk, il-filosofija griega-latina dawlet mo\u0127\u0127 il-bniedem biex jifhem li d-destin tieg\u0127u kien li\u00a0 jintrefa\u2019 \u2019l fuq mill-univers u jing\u0127aqad\u00a0 \u00a0mal-Wa\u0127dani (Unum<\/em>) f\u2019g\u0127aqda mistika u spiritwali. Min-na\u0127a tieg\u0127u, il-Kristjani\u017cmu \u0121ieb mieg\u0127u dawl \u0121did li \u00a0ppermetta lill-bniedem jifhem li hemm Alla u dan huwa l-essri traxxendentali u fl-istess \u0127in il-\u0127allieq ta\u2019 kulma je\u017cisti. Mhux biss imma wkoll il-Kristjani\u017cmu g\u0127en lill-bniedem jifhem a\u0127jar il-post ewlieni li hu jgawdi fil-pjan divin tal-\u0127olqien u r-responsabbilt\u00e0 morali tieg\u0127u: mag\u0127mul minn \u0121isem u ru\u0127 u ma\u0127luq b\u2019intelli\u0121enza, rieda u libert\u00e0, il-bniedem, \u0127lejqa finita,\u00a0 huwa ppro\u0121ettat lejn l-infinit, lejn it-traxxendenza; \u00a0filwaqt li jrid jg\u0127ix f\u2019din l-art g\u0127al \u010bertu \u017cmien, il-bniedem huwa ddestinat biex jg\u0127ix mag\u0127qud ma\u2019 Alla fil-\u0127ajja eterna. \u00a0<\/p>\n

Permezz tar-revelazzjoni u b\u2019mod partikulari tal-opra ta\u2019 Kristu feddej, il-Kristjani\u017cmu feta\u0127 it-triq biex il-bniedem jil\u0127aq il-milja tal-persunalit\u00e0 tieg\u0127u u jakkwista l-fidwa. Kienet din il-perspettiva u din il-filosofija nisranija li saltnu fl-O\u010b\u010bident mill-bidu tal-Kristjani\u017cmu sas-seklu \u0127mistax meta Karte\u017cju\u00a0 inawgura \u017c-\u017cminijiet tal-modernit\u00e0 li bdiet fis-seklu\u00a0 XVI \u00a0u ntemmet bejn wie\u0127ed u ie\u0127or ftit wara nofs is-seklu XIX. F\u2019din il-modernit\u00e0, \u017cmien ix-xjenzi moderni, ir-revoluzzjoni industrijali u fuq kollox l-Illustrazzjoni,\u00a0 il-kultura u l-\u0127sieb filosofiku bdew jitbieg\u0127du mill-valuri u l-prin\u010bipji nsara. \u00a0Mal-Illustrazzjoni l-bniedem spi\u010b\u010ba biex jiddivinizza r-ra\u0121uni b\u0127ala l-uniku kriterju valida g\u0127all-konoxxenza u g\u0127amel lilu nnifsu \u010b-\u010bentru ta\u2019 dak kollu li je\u017cisti.<\/p>\n

Il-kultura u l-filosofija tal-Illustrazzjoni g\u0127amlu \u017cmien isaltnu rebbie\u0127a fuq il-bniedem o\u010b\u010bidentali.\u00a0 Imma ma damux g\u0127ax fe\u0121\u0121ew Nietzsche, Marx u Freud li bid-duttrina tag\u0127hom \u00a0farrku s-supremazija u \u010b-\u010bentralit\u00e0 tal-bniedem u tar-ra\u0121uni. Il-bniedem, g\u0127al dawn\u00a0 il-filosofi, \u00a0mhuwiex la \u010b-\u010bentru tal-univers u lanqas tieg\u0127u nnifsu, u r-ra\u0121uni mhijiex il-fakult\u00e0 li torganizza b\u2019ordni tal-g\u0127ageb dak li je\u017cisti. Il-bniedem mhuwiex \u0127lief \u00a0implus vitali tal-kosmos (Nietzsche), \u00a0tal-mekkani\u017cmu ekonomiku (Marx), su\u0121\u0121ett ma\u0127kum mill-inkonxju (Freud). Kontra Nietzsche, Marx u Freud qamu diversi movimenti filosofi\u010bi, fosthom l-e\u017cistenzjali\u017cmu u l-persunali\u017cmu nisrani, li \u0127admu u g\u0127adhom ja\u0127dmu biex il-bniedem jirrikupera d-dinjit\u00e0 tieg\u0127u u sabiex ir-ra\u0121uni umana ssib l-ekwilibru me\u0127tie\u0121 \u0127alli t\u0127addem il-funzjoni li g\u0127aliha \u0121iet ma\u0127luqa.\u00a0 Progress sar imma jkollna nammettu li l-influwenza tal-mentalit\u00e0 tal-Ilustrazzjoni baqg\u0127et. Mhux biss dan, ikollna nammettu li\u00a0 l-bniedem kontemporanju g\u0127addej minn kri\u017ci li hija ag\u0127ar minn dik ta\u2019 \u017cmien il-modernit\u00e0 u l-Illustrazzjoni.<\/p>\n

Illum qeg\u0127din ng\u0127ixu fi \u017cmien u f\u2019kultura ma\u0127kuma mill-\u00ab\u0127sieb\u00a0 dg\u0127ajjef\u00bb, mid-dekonstruzzjoni u l-ni\u0127ili\u017cmu metafi\u017ciku tal-post-Moderni\u017cmu ispirat mill-filosofija ta\u2019 Nietzsche u Heidegger. F\u2019dan il-kuntest wie\u0127ed ma jistag\u0127\u0121ibx li kollox sar relattiv, li xejn ma g\u0127andu sens universali u li jirre\u017cisti g\u0127all-mixja ta\u017c-\u017cmien. Kollox, sa\u0127ansitra l-istess bniedem,\u00a0 sar moda li titwieled illum biex tmut l-g\u0127ada. Dak li jg\u0127odd illum huwa dak li ja\u0127seb, jemmen u jidde\u010biedi l-individwu. Instabilit\u00e0, relativi\u017cmu u indifferenza f\u2019kull qasam tal-\u0127ajja huma xi w\u0127ud mill-effetti negattivi tal-i\u017cvilupp tal-kultura u tal-filosofija kontemporanja. \u010aert qeg\u0127din nitkellmu \u00a0mill-atmosfera \u0121enerali.<\/p>\n

X\u2019nistg\u0127u nag\u0127mlu a\u0127na l-insara fil-kuntest tal-kultura u l-filosofija \u00a0kontemporanja? Je\u0127tie\u0121 li nirrikuperaw id-dinjit\u00e0 tal-bniedem u \u00a0l-kobor tar-ra\u0121uni u nag\u0127tu xhieda ta\u2019 kemm il-pro\u0121ett, li Alla fl-g\u0127erf u l-provvidenza tieg\u0127u fassal sa mill-eternit\u00e0 g\u0127all-bniedem, g\u0127adu validu u jiswa g\u0127al \u017cminijietna, \u017cminijiet tat-teknolo\u0121ija avanzata u tal-filosofija post-Moderna. \u0126assejt li l-opra Il-Vera Reli\u0121jon<\/em> li Santu Wistin kiteb\u00a0 madwar is-sena 390 tista\u2019 tkun g\u0127alina ta\u2019 profitt kbir. F\u2019din l-opra Santu Wistin juri li l- bniedem jg\u0127ix fid-dinjit\u00e0 u l-kobor tieg\u0127u meta jinbena fuq il-vera fidi u l-\u0127idma \u0121enwina tar-ra\u0121uni. Bejn il-fidi u r-ra\u0121uni ma hemmx kontradizzjoni. G\u0127all-kuntarju bejn dawn i\u017c-\u017cew\u0121 elementi fundamentali tal-persunalit\u00e0 umana hemm relazzjoni intima ta\u2019 kollaborazzjoni dejjiema u meta t-tnejn li huma jikbru flimkien iwasslu \u2019l-bniedem g\u0127all-milja tal-e\u017cistenza tieg\u0127u u jibnuh f\u2019persuna adulta u matura. F\u2019dan l-artiklu \u0127a nitkellem biss mir-ra\u0121uni u l-missjoni li g\u0127andha fid-dinamika tal-milja tal-\u0127ajja u tal-persunalit\u00e0 tal-bniedem. Fl-artiklu li \u0121ej nitkellem mill-fidi.\u00a0<\/p>\n

G\u0127al Santu Wistin \u00abil-kura li t-tjubija bla tarf li l-providenza divina tag\u0127ti lir-ru\u0127 … tinkludi l-awtorit\u00e0 u r-ra\u0121uni.\u00a0 L-awtorit\u00e0 tesi\u0121i l-fidi u din thejji l-bniedem g\u0127ar-ra\u0121uni.\u00a0 Din twassal sabiex il-bniedem jifhem u jag\u0127raf. Fil-fatt, l-awtorit\u00e0 qatt ma twarrab ir-ra\u0121uni, meta te\u017camina dak li trid temmen, u min-na\u0127a l-o\u0127ra, il-verit\u00e0\u00a0 mag\u0127rufa bl-evidenza hija l-awtorit\u00e0 suprema\u00bb (Il-Vera Reli\u0121jon, XXIV, 45<\/em>). Ma hemmx fidi ming\u0127ajr ra\u0121uni hekk kif ukoll r-ra\u0121uni tesi\u0121i l-fidi. Biex nifhmu din l-argumentazzjoni Agostinjana ne\u0127tie\u0121u niftakru li fis-sitwazzjoni pre\u017centi, ji\u0121ifieri wara d-dnub ori\u0121inali, il-bniedem m\u2019g\u0127adux igawdi d-doni li rcieva mal-\u0127olqien tieg\u0127u. L-intelli\u0121enza, ir-rieda u l-libert\u00e0 tieg\u0127u m\u2019g\u0127adhomx hekk qawwija daqskemm kienu qabel ma l-bniedem dineb. Dan huwa postulat fundamentali tal-antropolo\u0121ija Agostinjana (cfr. Ibid<\/em>). Huwa f\u2019dan is-sens li r-ru\u0127 fl-istat pre\u017centi tal-e\u017cistenza tag\u0127ha hija ru\u0127 marida li te\u0127tie\u0121 kura jekk kemm-il darba trid te\u017cer\u010bita l-fakultajiet tag\u0127ha ming\u0127ajr ma titqarraq. Ir-ru\u0127 trid tfiq mill-marda tag\u0127ha u Alla g\u0127o\u0121bu jag\u0127tiha l-fidi u r-ra\u0121uni b\u0127ala l-a\u0127jar medi\u010bina.<\/p>\n

B\u0127alma jikteb il-qaddis Papa \u0120wann Pawlu II fl-Ittra Apostolika Wistin ta\u2019 Ippona<\/em>, ma\u0127ru\u0121a fit-28 ta\u2019 Awwissu 1986, g\u0127all-okka\u017cjoni tas-16-il \u010bentinarju tal-Konver\u017cjoni ta\u2019 Santu Wistin, \u00abl-isforz intellettwali u pastorali ta\u2019 Wistin ikkonsista \u00a0filli juri, ming\u0127ajr l-ebda xaqq ta\u2019 dubju, li “i\u017c-\u017cew\u0121 forzi (il-fidi u r-ra\u0121uni) \u00a0li jippermettulna li naslu g\u0127all-konexxenza (Kontra l-Akkademi\u010bi, 3, 20, 43<\/em>) \u00a0g\u0127andhom jikkollaboraw flimkien. Huwa sama\u2019 lill-fidi imma ma e\u017caltax inqas ir-ra\u0121uni, u ta lil kull wa\u0127da minnhom il-primat tieg\u0127u, primat ta\u017c-\u017cmien jew tal-importanza [Egli ascolt\u00f3 \u00a0la fede, ma non esalt\u00f3 meno la ragione, dando a ciascuna il\u00a0 suo primato, o di tempo o d\u2019importanza]<\/em>. Qal lil kul\u0127add il-crede ut intelligas<\/em> (emmen biex tifhem) imma rrepeta wkoll l-intellige ut credas <\/em>(ifhem biex temmen) (Prietka 43, 9<\/em>)\u00bb (GPII, Augustinum Hipponensem, 1. Ra\u0121uni u Fidi<\/em>). Sa\u0127ansitra, jispi\u010b\u010ba jg\u0127id il-Papa \u0120wann Pawlu II, g\u0127al Santu Wistin \u00abil-fidi ming\u0127ajr ir-ra\u0121uni \u00a0mhijiex fidi\u00bb (Il-Predestinazzjoni tal-Qaddisin, 2, 5<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Mhux possibbli nid\u0127lu fl-irqaqat kollha ta\u2019 dak li jg\u0127idilna Santu Wistin dwar ir-ra\u0121uni. L-importanti huwa li niftakru li g\u0127al Santu Wistin ir-ra\u0121uni hija l-privile\u0121\u0121 tal-bniedem li permess tag\u0127ha\u00a0 jissupera l-\u0127lejjaq l-o\u0127ra, sa\u0127ansitra lill-istess annimali li fi\u017cikament g\u0127andhom forza ikbar minn tieg\u0127u u jgawdu xi fakultajiet \u2013 b\u0127al ng\u0127idu a\u0127na l-vista \u2013 aktar fini. Dak li g\u0127amel il-bniedem \u0127lejqa privile\u0121\u0121jata tal-\u0127olqien hija r-ra\u0121uni, fakult\u00e0 tar-ru\u0127 li permess tag\u0127ha l-bniedem jista\u2019 jirrifletti u ji\u0121\u0121udika. B\u0127ala fakult\u00e0 tar-ru\u0127 ir-ra\u0121uni hija parti integrali tal-ispirtu, ji\u0121ifieri tal-parti spiritwali tal-persuna umana. Permezz tar-ra\u0121uni l-ispirtu uman jog\u0127la \u2019l fuq mill-univers sensibbli u jippenetra fid-parti mhux biss intelli\u0121ibbli imma wkoll spiritwali tar-realt\u00e0. Huwa hawn li l-ispirtu tal-bniedem jiltaqa\u2019 mal-veri valuri, l-ewwel u qabelxejn\u00a0 mal-verit\u00e0. Din, quddiem ir-riflessjoni \u0121enwina u ming\u0127ajr pre\u0121udizzji tar-ra\u0121uni umana, tinfeta\u0127 u tikxef il-\u0121ewwieni tag\u0127ha u turi lill-intelli\u0121enza umana bl-ikbar evidenza li mhux biss hija l-forma ta\u2019 kulma huwa veru imma li l-fundament tag\u0127ha huwa Alla, il-Verit\u00e0 eterna, kawza ewlenija ta\u2019 kulma je\u017cisti (Il-Vera Reli\u0121jon, minn XXIX, 52, sa XXXVI, 67<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Bir-ra\u0121uni l-bniedem jasal g\u0127all-verit\u00e0 u g\u0127all-prin\u010bipji ontolo\u0121ici eterni, fundament tar-realt\u00e0 o\u0121\u0121ettiva ta\u2019 dak li je\u017cisti. Din hija l-konklu\u017cjoni li jasal g\u0127aliha l-Isqof ta\u2019 Ippona fl-ewwel parti tal-opra \u00a0Il-Vera Reli\u0121jon<\/em>.\u00a0 Fit-tieni parti, mill-kapitlu XXXVI, 68 sal-kapitlu LV, 107, \u00a0Santu Wistin jittrasforma r-riflessjoni tieg\u0127u f\u2019pedago\u0121ija antropolo\u0121ika, reli\u0121ju\u017ca u etika, tal-bini tal-vera personalit\u00e0 umana. Il-prin\u010bipju li jiddomina din il-parti huwa: \u00abla to\u0127ro\u0121x barra minnek innifsek, er\u0121a\u2019 lura lejn il-\u0121ewwieni tieg\u0127ek; fil-\u0121ewwieni tal-bniedem tg\u0127ammar il-verit\u00e0\u00bb (Il-Vera Reli\u0121jon, XXIX, 72<\/em>). B\u2019din l-affirmazzjoni famu\u017ca Santu Wistin jistieden \u2019il-bniedem biex jid\u0127ol fih innifsu, mhux biex jag\u0127mel introspezzjoni psikolo\u0121ika, imma sabiex je\u017cer\u010bita l-fakult\u00e0 tar-ra\u0121uni. Hawn ir-ra\u0121uni tittraxxendi l-istess e\u017cistenza umana u tog\u0127la lejn id-dawl li huwa l-verit\u00e0 li jdawwal r-riflessjoni tal-bniedem u hekk ir-ra\u0121uni tasal biex tarmonizza ru\u0127ha mal-istess verit\u00e0 (Ibid<\/em>.).<\/p>\n

Immexxija mill-istess verit\u00e0, ir-ra\u0121uni, mi\u0121bura fil-\u0121ewwieni tal-ispirtu tal-bniedem, tgawdi ukoll s-setg\u0127a li tg\u0127in \u2019il-bniedem jirrikupera s-sbu\u0127ija tal-ordni li bih \u0121ie ma\u0127luq l-univers u r-realt\u00e0 u l-forma li biha \u0121ie ma\u0127luq il-bniedem. Fi kliem ie\u0127or ir-ra\u0121uni tg\u0127in \u2019il-bniedem qadim jitbiddel fil-bniedem \u0121did, minn bniedem ma\u0127kum mit-tliet konkupixxenzi li minnhom jitkellem San \u0120wann fl-ewwel ittra tieg\u0127u (I Gw, II, 16<\/em>) fi bniedem spiritwali u interjur, ma\u0127kum mhux aktar mis-senswalit\u00e0, is-suppervja u l-kurjo\u017cit\u00e0 [dawn huma t-tliet konkupixxenzi], i\u017cda mill-pja\u010bir tal-veri valuri, fosthom l-unit\u00e0 fl-ordni tal-\u0127olqien, mill-im\u0127abba rimedju kontra s-supervja li biha l-bniedem jixtieq ikun l-uniku li jiddomina,\u00a0 u mill-konexxenza reli\u0121ju\u017ca li twassalna g\u0127all-verit\u00e0 tar-realt\u00e0 u tbeg\u0127idna milli ng\u0127addu \u0127ajjitna nikkon\u010bentraw\u00a0 fuq \u0127wejje\u0121 ming\u0127ajr importanza u \u0127afna drabi ming\u0127ajr sens. (Il-Vera Reli\u0121jon, minn XL, 74 sa LIV, 104<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Bla dubju ta\u2019 xejn \u00a0l-opra Il-Vera Reli\u0121jon<\/em> hija opra tas-seklu IV, miktuba minn Wistin fl-lin\u0121wa\u0121\u0121 ferm neoplatoniku. U frattant \u00a0meta wie\u0127ed iqabbel il-kontenut tag\u0127ha ma\u2019 dak li tg\u0127idilna l-psikolo\u0121ija moderna kemm wie\u0127ed isib tixbih bejniethom. It-tnejn li huma jfittxu li jibnu l-maturit\u00e0 tal-persuna umana fuq sisien sodi u awtenti\u010bi.\u00a0 Wistin ma kellux il-metodi tal-psikoterapija tal-lum. G\u0127alih l-u\u017cu sewwa tar-ra\u0121uni u l-interjorit\u00e0 kienu l-metodi tal-psikoterapija tieg\u0127u. Mhux forsi huwa dan dak li \u017cminijietna qeg\u0127din jistennew minna l-insara, li nu\u017caw il-metodi tajba tal-psikolo\u0121ija moderna u nivvaloraw u n\u0127addmu tajjeb ir-ra\u0121uni permezz tal-pro\u010bess tal-interjorit\u00e0, process tant me\u0127tie\u0121 fi \u017cminijietna fejn il-bniedem jg\u0127ix wisq barra minnu nnifsu jfittex \u0127afna drabi l-milja tieg\u0127u\u00a0 fi \u0127wejje\u0121 li qatt ma jistg\u0127u jag\u0127nuh b\u2019personalit\u00e0 adulta u matura?<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Lu\u010bjan Borg<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Agostinjan<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    MILL-KITBA TA\u2019 SANTU WISTIN IR-RA\u0120UNI\u00a0 U L-FIDI FIL-BINI TAL-PERSONALIT\u00c0\u00a0 UMANA. 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